Passage of Space Objects over the Territory of States from the Perspective of the International Law

Kazemi, H.

Passage of Space Objects over the Territory of States from the Perspective of the International Law

Author

H. Kazemi

Abstract

When space vehicles did not take off horizontally (like airplanes), they had to cross airspace of states other than the launcher state. This phenomenon exists still now for the states who intend to launch space objects, especially when launch pads are located near borders of adjacent states. What has been the attitude of the international law toward the issue of passage of space object through a foreign territory during its launch and re-entry into the atmosphere? Are the states allowed to use territory of other states, while launching their space objects? Do the international instruments or customary international law provide precise answers for this issue? In this paper, the researcher investigates sovereignty of states over their territorial air-space and discusses different legal viewpoints on passage of space objects through territory of other states. It clear that states cannot launch space objects without first obtaining permission of the concerned state. It is asserted that up to now no international law instrument have been linked to that effect, i.e. regarding innocent passage of space objects without consent of the concerned state(s).

Keywords

Airspace

Outer space

Sovereignty

Innocent passage

Space objects

Article Title Persian

بررسی موضع حقوق بین‌الملل در مورد عبور اشیای فضایی از فراز قلمرو دولت‌ها

Author Persian

حمید کاظمی

Abstract Persian

از شروع دوران فعالیت و پرتاب اشیای فضایی در تاریخ، معمولاً در زمان رفت و برگشت شی‌ء فضایی، این شیء علاوه بر قلمرو دولت پرتابگر، از قلمرو هوایی دولت‌های دیگر نیز عبور می‌کرده است. این پدیده هم اکنون نیز وجود دارد، مخصوصاً زمانی که پرتاب شی‌ء فضایی در نزدیکی مرزهای کشورهای همسایه اتفاق می‌افتد. حقوق بین‌الملل با موضوع عبور شی‌ء فضایی از قلمرو دولت‌های غیرپرتابگر چگونه برخورد کرده است؟ آیا دولت‌ها اجازه دارند برای رفت و برگشت شیء موصوف به فضا، از فضای قلمرو هوایی دولت‌های دیگر استفاده کنند. آیا در این خصوص اسناد بین المللی یا حقوق بین الملل عرفی به پاسخ دقیقی رسیده است؟ در این تحقیق نویسنده با بررسی حاکمیت دولت‌ها بر هوا و فضای قلمرو سرزمینشان و دیدگاه‌های حقوقی در خصوص عبور شی‌ء فضایی از محدودة حاکمیت دولت‌ها روشن می‌سازد که دولت‌ها نمی‌توانند بدون اجازه و رضایت دولت (های) مربوطه اقدام به پرتاب شی‌ء فضایی از طریق هوای سرزمین آن دولت (ها) کنند و تا کنون در اسناد حقوق بین‌الملل عرفی و معاهده‌ای مجوزی برای عبور بی‌ضرر شیء فضایی بدون رضایت آن دولت (ها) به‌وجود نیامده است

Keywords Persian

حاکمیت دولت‌ها

شی‌ء فضایی

عرف بین‌الملل

ماهواره

فضاپیما

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