This User’s guide is prepared for JSST
IEEE citation and referencing guide gives general guidelines and examples based on the IEEE’s citation and referencing guide and IEEE Citation | Quick Guide & Examples.
You can use bibliographic software (with IEEE style) to cite references.
Note: Remember to check records imported using software for errors or omissions, and that each reference is correctly formatted
IEEE citation format is a way of citing your sources in a paper.
IEEE citation format consists of:
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IEEE in-text citation |
Vibration in either digital or analogue panel meters can cause their malfunction or difficulty in reading the meters [1]. |
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IEEE reference |
[1] M. C. Potter and R. Mackiewicz, Mechanical Vibration and Shock Analysis, 2nd ed. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2015. |
IEEE in-text citation
An IEEE in-text citation is just a number in brackets, Pointing the reader to the relevant reference. You may also mention the author’s name in your sentence, but you don’t have to.
Sources are numbered in the order they’re cited, so the first source you cite is [1], the second is [2], and so on. If you cite the same source again, it has the same number each time (don’t use “ibid.”) and only one entry on the reference page.
IEEE citations can be placed at the relevant point in the sentence, before any punctuation that follows. Multiple citations at the same point are separated by commas, a range of citations by an en dash (–, outside the brackets, with no spaces).
IEEE in-text citation example:
Flann [11] argues strongly in favor of this method. However, as mentioned earlier [1], [3], [7]–[9], several objections have been made …
IEEE references
The IEEE reference page provides full information on your sources, so that readers can locate and consult them. You’ll usually include the author’s name, the title of the source, the publication date, information about the publisher, and sometimes a DOI.
The exact information included and the formatting vary by source type.
General formatting guidelines for IEEE references
While many details of your IEEE references vary based on the type of source you’re citing, there are some general rules about:
Give the initials of the author’s first name and (if listed) middle name, and write their last name in full. Each initial is followed by a period and a space.
For a source with one to six authors, list all of them, separated by commas and (before the final one) the word “and.” You also use a comma before “and.” Write the names in the order they’re listed in the source. If there are seven or more, list the first author followed by “et al.” (italicized).
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1 author |
A. Bleda, … |
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2 authors |
A. Bleda and M. L. Reyna, … |
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3–6 authors |
A. Bleda, M. L. Reyna, J. Gabriel-Rodriguez, T. Primula, and Y. Vivianus, … |
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7+ authors |
A. Bleda et al., … |
A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique and never-changing string assigned to online (journal) articles, books, and other works. DOIs make it easier to retrieve works, which is why citation styles, recommend including them in citations.
You may find DOIs formatted in various ways:
Titles are formatted in two basic ways in IEEE references, depending on whether it’s the title of something that stands on its own, or the title of something that’s part of a larger publication:
Example: M. Asch and S. M. Mefire, “Numerical localization of electromagnetic imperfections from a perturbation formula in three dimensions,” Journal of Computational Mathematics, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 149–195, Mar. 2008.
Formats and examples for common source types are shown below.
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Basic format |
Author initial. Last name, Book Title, xth ed. Place of publication: Publisher, Year. |
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Example |
[1] B. Rieder, Engines of Order: A Mechanology of Algorithmic Techniques, Amsterdam, Netherlands: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. [2] I.A. Glover and P.M. Grant, Digital Communications, 3rd ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall, 2009. |
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Basic format |
Author initial. Last name, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Book Title, xth ed. Editor’s initials. Editor’s Last name, Ed. Place of publication: Publisher, Year, pp. x-x. |
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Example |
[1] C. W. Li and G. J. Wang, "MEMS manufacturing techniques for tissue scaffolding devices," in Mems for Biomedical Applications, S. Bhansali and A. Vasudev, Eds. Cambridge: Woodhead, 2012, pp. 192-217. |
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Basic format |
Author’s initials. Author’s Last name, “Title of article,” Title of journal, vol. x, no. x, pp. x-x, Year. |
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Example |
[1] M. Ito et al., “Can the application of amorphous oxide TFT be an electrophoretic display?,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, vol. 354, no. 19, pp. 2777–2782, 2008. [2] F. Yan et al., "Study on the interaction mechanism between laser and rock during perforation," Optics and Laser Technology, vol. 54, pp. 303-308, 2013. Note: the above example article is from a journal which does not use issue numbers, so they are not included in the reference. |
Some articles are identified by a special article number or ID that’s listed on the page hosting the article. If available, you should include this number in your reference, preceded by “Art. no.”
Note: Be aware that an article ID may erroneously be placed as page number in source files. If a page number looks “wrong” [e.g., there is only one long number, the range is not sequential, or there is a volume number with page range of 1–XX (with XX being a number)], this may be an indication that this is an article ID and the author should be queried.
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Basic format |
Author initials. Last name, “Article title,” Title of Journal, vol. x, no. x, Year, Art. no. xxx. |
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Example |
[1] J. Zhang and N. Tansu, “Optical gain and laser characteristics of InGaN quantum wells on ternary InGaN substrates,” IEEE Photon Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, 2013, Art. no. 2600111. |
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Basic format |
Author’s initials. Author’s Last name, “Title of article,” Title of journal, vol. x, no. x, pp. x-x, Year, https://doi.org/xxxxxxxx. Or Author initials. Last name, “Article title,” Journal Name, vol. x, no. x, pp. x-x, Year, Art. no. xxxxx, https://doi.org/xxxxxxxx. |
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Example |
[1] I. Boglaev, “A numerical method for solving nonlinear integro-differential equations of Fredholm type,” Journal of Computational Mathematics, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 262–284, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4208/jcm.1512-m2015-0241. [2] H. Straub and O. Breitenstein, “Estimation of heat loss in thermal wave experiments,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 109, 2011, Art. no. 064515, http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3549734. |
Once an article is in the form of advanced online access at the publisher. It is accepted and peer-reviewed, but may not be fully edited or assigned to a publication issue or volume. The online access is the final version of record. Include the title of the journal, the date of record, and the doi. The doi is essential in the reference information, as this will not change.
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Basic format |
Author’s initials. Author’s Last name, “Name of paper,” Title of journal, year, https://doi.org/xxxxxxxx. |
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Example |
[1] V. Hacısüleyman and M. Özger, "Optimal cropping patterns using linear programming and evaluation based on food-energy-water nexus," Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 2024, https://doi.org/10.22034/gjesm.2024.SI.01. |
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Basic format |
Author’s initials. Author’s Last name, “Title of article,” Title of journal, vol. x, no. x, pp. x-x, Year, (in Language), https://doi.org/xxxxxxxx. |
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Example |
[1] J. Bazrafshan, F. Sadeghikia, A. Karami Horestani, and M. Himdi, "A Reconfigurable and Steerable Horn Antenna Using Plasma Dielectric Slabs for Controllable Gain and Beam Steering," Journal of Space Science and Technology, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 29-44, 2024, (in Persian), https://doi.org/10.22034/jsst.2024.1455. |
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Basic format |
Author’s initials. Author’s Last name, “Title of article,” in Name of Conference, Location of conference, Year, pp. x-x. https://doi.org/xxxxxxxx. Or Author’s initials. Author’s Last name, “Title of article,” in Name of Conference, Location of conference, Year, Paper ID, https://doi.org/xxxxxxxx. |
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Example |
[1] D. Caratelli, M. C. Viganó, G. Toso, and P. Angeletti, “Analytical placement technique for sparse arrays,” in 32nd ESA Antenna Workshop, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 2010. [2] S. P. Bingulac, “On the compatibility of adaptive controllers,” in 4th Annual Allerton Conference on Circuit System Theory, New York, NY, USA, 1994, pp. 8–16. [3] J. Arrillaga and B. Giessner, “Limitation of short-circuit levels by means of HVDC links,” in IEEE Summer Power Meeting, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 1990, Paper 70 CP 637. [4] I. Cheibas, M. Arnhof, and B. Rich, "Basalt fiber composites for the robotic fabrication of a lunar habitat," in 73rd International Astronautical Congress, Paris, France, 2022, Paper 68749, http://dx.doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000603678. |
The general form for citing technical reports is to place the name and location of the company or institution after the author and title and to give the report number and date at the end of the reference.
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Basic format |
Author’s initials. Author’s Last name, “Title of report,” Name of Company, Location of Company, Rep. xxx, year. |
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Example |
[1] P. Diament and W. L. Luptakin, “V-line surface-wave radiation and scanning,” Department of Electrical Engineering, Colombia University, New York, Sci. Rep. 85, 1991. [2] E. E. Reber et al., “Oxygen absorption in the earth’s atmosphere,” Aerospace Corporation, Los Angeles, California, Tech. Rep. TR-0200 (4230-46)-3, Nov. 1988. [3] R. E. Haskell and C. T. Case, “Transient signal propagation in lossless isotropic plasmas,” The US Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, Rep. ARCRL-66-234 (II), 1994, vol. 2. Note: If DOI or URL is included in a report, add it after the year. [4] A. Elandaloussi et al., “Digital Twins for Electric Utilities: Definition, Considerations, and Applications (TR122),” IEEE Power & Energy Society, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA, Rep. PES-TR 122, 2024, https://dx.doi.org/10.17023/xrp8-m916. |
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Basic format |
Author’s initials. Author’s Last name, “Title of patent,” Country Patent xxx, Year. |
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Example |
[1] S. P. Voinigescu et al., “Direct m-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) operating in saturated power mode,” U.S. Patent Appl. 20110013726A1, 2011. [2] K. Klionovski, “Broadband dual-band microstrip antenna,” RU Patent Utility Model 167296, 2016, (in Russian). |
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Basic format |
Title of Standard, Standard number, Corporate author, location, date. Or Title of Standard, Standard number, date. |
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Example |
[1] Parameter Values for Ultra-High Definition Television Systems for Production and International Programme Exchange, Rec. ITU-R BT.2020-2, International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, Switzerland, 2015. [2] IEEE Criteria for Class IE Electric Systems, IEEE Standard 308, 1969. [3] Frequency Response and Bias, NERC Reliability Standard BAL-003-0.1b, 2009. |
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Basic format |
Author’s initials. Author’s Last name, “Title of thesis,” M.S. thesis, Department, University, City of University, Country, year. Or Author’s initials. Author’s Last name, “Title of dissertation,” Ph.D. dissertation, Department, University, City of University, Country, year. |
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Example |
[1] J. O. Williams, “Narrow-band analyzer,” Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Electrical Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA, 1993. [2] N. Kawasaki, “Parametric study of thermal and chemical nonequilibrium nozzle flow,” M.S. thesis, Department Electronic Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan, 1993. [3] D. Schwartz, “Development of a computationally efficient full human body finite element model,” M.S. thesis, Virginia Tech – Wake Forest Univ. School of biomedical engineering & sciences, Winston Salem, USA, 2015. |
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Basic format |
Author initial. Last name. “Page title.” (Year, Abbrev. Month. Day). [Online]. Available: URL |
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Example |
[1] D. Kwon. “Debate rages over Alzheimer’s drug lecanemab as UK limits approval.” (2024, Aug. 22). [Online]. Available: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-02720- [2] P. Bhandari. “Nominal data | Definition, examples, data collection & analysis.” (2023, Jun. 21). [Online]. Available: https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/nominal-data/ [3] BBC News. “Microwave signals turned into electrical power.” (2013, Nov. 11). [Online]. Available: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-24897584 |
Notes about online references
The guidelines for citing electronic information as offered here are in modified illustration of the adaptation by the International Standards Organization (ISO) documentation system and the American Psychological Association style.
There are various options for including a URL in a reference. Follow the order of details and whether a period needs to be placed at the end of the reference. Add period at the end of DOI, unless URL.
Guidelines for Breaking URLs:
Break before or after an equal sign or an ampersand (follow the same rule for the “at” (@) symbol).