Compact Dual-Band Wearable Antenna for Wireless Body Area Network Applications

Mohajeri, Farzad; Darabi, Maryam

doi:10.22034/jsst.2024.1487

Compact Dual-Band Wearable Antenna for Wireless Body Area Network Applications

Document Type : Original Research Paper

Authors

Farzad Mohajeri ¹

Maryam Darabi ²

¹ Professor, Department of Communications and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

² MSc., Department of Communications and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

10.22034/jsst.2024.1487

Abstract

This study introduces a compact, low-profile monopole antenna for wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. The proposed antenna is derived from a conventional microstrip rectangular patch design and operates in two industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) frequency bands: 2.4 GHz (2.4–2.5 GHz) and 5.8 GHz (5.725–5.875 GHz). The antenna's overall dimensions are 16×26×0.8 〖mm〗^3 or 0.13λ₀×0.212λ₀×0.0065λ₀, where λ_0 represents the free-space wavelength at 2.45 GHz. These dimensions ensure a compact and space-efficient design. The antenna achieves fractional bandwidths of 4.89% and 69.13% at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz, respectively. The radiation pattern is omnidirectional at both frequency bands, with a maximum gain exceeding 4 dBi. The antenna's performance was further evaluated on a phantom model of chest tissue, demonstrating stable operation over body tissues. The specific absorption rate (SAR) at both frequency bands was also analyzed, confirming compliance with safety standards. The compact size and robust performance make the proposed antenna a promising candidate for integration into WBAN sensors and devices. All simulations were performed using CST Microwave Studio software.

Keywords

Microstrip Antenna

dual-Band Antenna

Wearable Antenna

Wireless body Area Networks

Scientific Absorption Rate

Subjects

telecommunications

Article Title Persian

آنتن پوشیدنی فشرده دوبانده جهت کاربردهای شبکه های بی سیم تن پوش

Authors Persian

فرزاد مهاجری ¹

مریم دارابی ²

¹ استاد، گروه مهندسی مخابرات و الکترونیک، دانشکده مهندسی برق و کامپیوتر، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران

² کارشناسی ارشد ، گروه مهندسی مخابرات و الکترونیک، دانشکده مهندسی برق و کامپیوتر، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران

Abstract Persian

امروزه در سیستم های فضایی و مخابرات ماهواره ای نیاز به استفاده از آنتن های سبک با کارآیی مناسب احساس می شود، علی الخصوص که دارای کاربری پزشکی نیزباشد. دراین مقاله یک آنتن تک‌ قطبی جدید، فشرده و کوچک جهت کاربرد در شبکه‌های بی‌سیم تن‌پوش (WBAN) طراحی و شبیه سازی شده است. این آنتن پیشنهادی برپایه یک آنتن مایکرواستریپ با پچ مستطیلی مرسوم به گونه‌ای طراحی شده است تا در دو باند فرکانسی پزشکی متداول ISM، یعنی باندهای 2.4 (2.5-2.4) و 5.8 (5.725-5.875) گیگاهرتز عملکرد مناسبی داشته باشد. ابعاد کلی این آنتن تنها 0.8×26×16 میلیمترمکعب یا λ_00.0065×λ_00.212×λ_00.13 در نظر گرفته شده است که در آن λ_0 طول‌ موج عملکردی در فضای آزاد و در فرکانس 2.45 گیگاهرتز بوده که بسیار کوچک، سبک و کم ‌حجم است. علاوه بر این، پهنای باند نسبی آنتن در باندهای فرکانسی 2.4 و 5.8 گیگاهرتز به ترتیب 4.89 و 69.13 درصد می‌باشد. همچنین آنتن پیشنهادی در هر دو باند فرکانسی مذکور یک الگوی تشعشعی همه‌جهته را به دست داده و بیشینه بهره به دست آمده برای این طراحی بیش از dBi4 است. عملکرد کلی آنتن در هر دو باند فرکانسی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و از این رو مطالعات پارامتری نیزانجام شده است. در این مقاله، عملکرد آنتن بر روی یک مدل فانتوم از قفسه سینه نیز مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و نشان داده شده است که آنتن عملکردی با ثبات و ایمن بر روی بافت بدن دارد. همچنین پارامتری موسوم به سطح آهنگ جذب ویژه (SAR) برای آنتن در هر دو باند فرکانسی نیز محاسبه و مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است. با توجه به ابعاد بسیار کوچک، سبک و کم حجم بودن و نیزعملکرد مناسب آن، آنتن طراحی شده می‌تواند نامزد بسیار مناسبی برای دستگاه‌ها و سنسورهای شبکه‌های بی‌سیم تن‌پوش باشد. تمام شبیه‌سازی‌ها در این مقاله با استفاده از نرم‌افزار CST صورت گرفته است.

Keywords Persian

آنتن مایکرواستریپ

آنتن دو بانده

آنتن پوشیدنی

شبکه‌های بی‌سیم تن‌پوش

آهنگ جذب ویژه

[1] N. H. M. Rais, P. J. Soh, F. Malek, S. Ahmad, N. B. M. Hashim and P. S. Hall ''A review of wearable antenna," in Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference, Loughborough, UK, 2009, pp. 225-228, https://doi.org/10.1109/LAPC.2009.5352373.

[2] A. Tsolis, "Wearable antennas: design, connectivity, and evaluation measurement techniques," Ph.D. dissertation, Loughborough University Institutional Repository, UK, 2016.

[3] R. Negra, I. Jemili, and A. Belghith, "Wireless body area networks: Applications and technologies," Procedia Computer Science, vol. 83, pp. 1274-1281, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.04.266.

[4] S. Zhu and R. Langley, ''Dual-band wearable textile antenna on an EBG substrate,'' IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 926-935, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2009.2014527.

[5] J. C. G. Matthew, B. Pirollo, A. Tyler, and G. Pettitt, ''Body wearable antennas for UHF/VHF'', in Loughborough Antennas and Propagation Conference, Loughborough, UK, 2008, pp. 132-136, https://doi.org/10.1109/LAPC.2008.4516940.

[6] A. Y. I. Ashyap et al., "An overview of electromagnetic band-gap integrated wearable Antennas," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 7641-7658, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2963997.

[7] IEEE Standards for Safety Levels with Request to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 Khz to 300ghz. IEEE C95.1- 1991(Revision of ANSI C95.1-1982), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1992.

[8] "Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300GHz)," International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), Health Phys., 74(4), pp. 494-522, 1998.

[9] A. Smida, A. Iqbal, A. J. Alazemi, M. I. Waly, R. Ghayoula, and S. Kim ''Wideband wearable antenna for biomedical telemetry applications,'' IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 15687-15694, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2967413.

[10] A. Y. I. Ashyap et al., ''Inverted e-shaped wearable textile antenna for medical applications,'' IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 35214-35222, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2847280.

[11] R. Jothi Chitra, V. Nagarajan, and D. Mukesh, "Design of wearable pentagonal fractal antenna for soldier location tracking," in International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP), Chennai, India, 2020, pp. 110-113, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCSP48568.2020.9182179.

[12] A. Arif, M. Zubiar, M. Ali, M. U. Khan, and M. Q. Mehmood, ''A compact, low-profile fractal antenna for wearable on-body WBAN applications, '' IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 981-985, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2019.2906829.

[13] M. E. Gharbi, M. Martinez-Estrada, Raul Frenandez-Garcia, S. Ahyoud, and I. Gill "A novel ultra-wide band wearable antenna under different bending conditions for electronic-textile applications," The Journal of the Textile Institute, vol. 112, no. 3, pp. 437-443, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2020.1762326.

[14] A. ALI, S. N. Azemi, M. Jusoh, and T. Sabapathy, "Defected ground plane of wearable circular patch antenna," in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Volume 767, 1st International Symposium on Engineering and Technology (ISETech), Perlis, Malaysia, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/767/1/012003.

[15] A. Ennajih, B. Nasiri, J. Zbitou, A. Errkik, and M. Latrach, "A wearable UHF RFID tag antenna-based metamaterial for biomedical applications," Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 676-684, 2020, https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i2.1661.

[16] S. Roy and U. Chakraborty, "Metamaterial based dual wideband wearable antenna for wireless applications," Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 106, pp. 1117–1133, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06206-3.

[17] A. Sharifi and J. Khalilpour, " Patch antenna gain enhancement with meta-material spilt ring resonator radome," Journal of Applied Electromagnetics, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 39-43, 2015, (in Persian).

[18] S. Yan, P. J. Soh, and G. A. E. Vandenbosch, ''Low-profile dual-band textile antenna with artificial magnetic conductor plane,'' IEEE Transactions Antennas Propagation, vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 6487-6490, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2014.2359194.

[19] H. Babaei, S. A. Gohari, and P. Mohamadi, ''Design, simulation, fabrication and determining the equivalent circuit model of a reconfigurable RFSS unit cell filter for electromagnetic protection of space payload systems,'' Journal of Space Science and Technology, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 71-82, 2023, (in Persian), https://doi.org/10.30699/jsst.2023.1448.

[20] A. Y. I. Ashyap et al., ''Highly efficient wearable CPW antenna enabled by EBG-FSS structure for medical body area network applications,'' IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 77529-77541, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2883379.

[21] G. P. Gao, B. Hu, S. Wang, and C. Yang, ''Wearable circular ring slot antenna with EBG structure for wireless body area network,'' IEEE Antennas Wireless Propagation Letter, vol. 17, no.3, pp. 434-437, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2018.2794061.

[22] A. Y. I. Ashyap et al., ''Robust and efficient integrated antenna with EBG-DGS enabled wide bandwidth for wearable medical device applications,'' IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 56346-56358, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2981867.

[23] O. A. Saraereh, ''Microstrip wearable dual-band antenna design for on body wireless communications,'' in 4th International Conference on Computer and Communication Systems (ICCCS), Singapore, 2019, pp. 585-589, https://doi.org/10.1109/CCOMS.2019.8821765.

[24] M. G. Huang, Z. M. Xie, and X. Z. Lai, ''A compact multiband PIFA for handheld RFID applications,'' Microwave and. Optical Technology Letters, vol. 58, no. 8, pp. 1934-1937, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.29937.

[25] P. Rahmatian, M. Movahedi, and A. Ghafoorzadeh-Yazdi, ''Dual-band dual-mode wearable antenna for on-off body communication based on metamaterial,'' in 26th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering, Mashhad, Iran, 2018, pp. 649-653, (in Persian) https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEE.2018.8472524.

[26] H. Yang and X. Liu, ''Wearable dual-band and dual-polarized textile antenna for on-and off-body communications,'' IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 2324– 2328, 2020, https://doi.org10.1109/LAWP.2020.3032540.

[27] J. Dong, Q. Li, and L. Deng, ''Compact planar ultra-wideband antennas with 3.5/5.2/5.8 GHz triple band-notched characteristics for internet of things applications,'' Sensors, vol. 17, no. 2, 2017, Art. no. 349, https://doi.org/10.3390/s17020349.

[28] D. Mathur, S. K. Bhatnagar, and V. Sahula, ''Quick estimation of rectangular patch antenna dimensions based on equivalent design concept,'' IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 13, pp. 1469–1472, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2014.2334362.

[29] M. Mathur, A. Vats, and A. Agarwal, ''A new design formulae for feed line dimensions of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna by using equivalent design concept,'' in International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication (ICSC), Noida, India, 2015, pp. 34-39, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSPCom.2015.7150629.

[30] A. Bouazizi, G. Zaibi, A. Iqbal, A. Basir, M. Samet, and A. Kochouri, ''A dual-band case-printed planar inverted-F antenna design with independent resonance control for wearable short-range telemetric systems,'' International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, vol. 29, no. 8, 2019, Art. no. e.21781, https://doi.org/10.1002/mmce.21781.

[31] A. Afridi, S. Ullah, S. Khan, A. Ahmed, A. H. Khalil, and M. Ahmad Tarar , ''Design of dual band wearable antenna using metamaterials,'' Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 126-137, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1080/08327823.2013.11689852.

[32] S. Agneessens and H. Rogier, ''Compact half diamond dual-band textile HMSIW on-body antenna, '' IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 2374-2381, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2014.2308526.